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author | jakobsj <jakobsj@users.noreply.github.com> | 2018-04-17 15:45:57 +0100 |
---|---|---|
committer | GitHub <noreply@github.com> | 2018-04-17 15:45:57 +0100 |
commit | 746db4085752142a699947aea0af06f42b809e12 (patch) | |
tree | 23b0f3a58e03dcd96b61b87c77cc25900896639e /Wrappers | |
parent | ee0a3bf634e92351ad82c09b4e94bcb64ee52d73 (diff) | |
parent | 70f31bf2b94f262d799486d693494a85040e3e9d (diff) | |
download | framework-plugins-746db4085752142a699947aea0af06f42b809e12.tar.gz framework-plugins-746db4085752142a699947aea0af06f42b809e12.tar.bz2 framework-plugins-746db4085752142a699947aea0af06f42b809e12.tar.xz framework-plugins-746db4085752142a699947aea0af06f42b809e12.zip |
Merge pull request #1 from vais-ral/remove_generic_processors
removes generic processors which go in CCPi-Framework
Diffstat (limited to 'Wrappers')
-rwxr-xr-x | Wrappers/Python/ccpi/plugins/processors.py | 616 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 616 deletions
diff --git a/Wrappers/Python/ccpi/plugins/processors.py b/Wrappers/Python/ccpi/plugins/processors.py index 2fd3bf1..e05c6ca 100755 --- a/Wrappers/Python/ccpi/plugins/processors.py +++ b/Wrappers/Python/ccpi/plugins/processors.py @@ -27,369 +27,6 @@ from scipy import ndimage import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-class Normalizer(DataProcessor):
- '''Normalization based on flat and dark
-
- This processor read in a AcquisitionData and normalises it based on
- the instrument reading with and without incident photons or neutrons.
-
- Input: AcquisitionData
- Parameter: 2D projection with flat field (or stack)
- 2D projection with dark field (or stack)
- Output: AcquisitionDataSetn
- '''
-
- def __init__(self, flat_field = None, dark_field = None, tolerance = 1e-5):
- kwargs = {
- 'flat_field' : None,
- 'dark_field' : None,
- # very small number. Used when there is a division by zero
- 'tolerance' : tolerance
- }
-
- #DataProcessor.__init__(self, **kwargs)
- super(Normalizer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
- if not flat_field is None:
- self.set_flat_field(flat_field)
- if not dark_field is None:
- self.set_dark_field(dark_field)
-
- def check_input(self, dataset):
- if dataset.number_of_dimensions == 3:
- return True
- else:
- raise ValueError("Expected input dimensions is 2 or 3, got {0}"\
- .format(dataset.number_of_dimensions))
-
- def set_dark_field(self, df):
- if type(df) is numpy.ndarray:
- if len(numpy.shape(df)) == 3:
- raise ValueError('Dark Field should be 2D')
- elif len(numpy.shape(df)) == 2:
- self.dark_field = df
- elif issubclass(type(df), DataSet):
- self.dark_field = self.set_dark_field(df.as_array())
-
- def set_flat_field(self, df):
- if type(df) is numpy.ndarray:
- if len(numpy.shape(df)) == 3:
- raise ValueError('Flat Field should be 2D')
- elif len(numpy.shape(df)) == 2:
- self.flat_field = df
- elif issubclass(type(df), DataSet):
- self.flat_field = self.set_flat_field(df.as_array())
-
- @staticmethod
- def normalize_projection(projection, flat, dark, tolerance):
- a = (projection - dark)
- b = (flat-dark)
- with numpy.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
- c = numpy.true_divide( a, b )
- c[ ~ numpy.isfinite( c )] = tolerance # set to not zero if 0/0
- return c
-
- def process(self):
-
- projections = self.get_input()
- dark = self.dark_field
- flat = self.flat_field
-
- if not (projections.shape[1:] == dark.shape and \
- projections.shape[1:] == flat.shape):
- raise ValueError('Flats/Dark and projections size do not match.')
-
-
- a = numpy.asarray(
- [ Normalizer.normalize_projection(
- projection, flat, dark, self.tolerance) \
- for projection in projections.as_array() ]
- )
- y = type(projections)( a , True,
- dimension_labels=projections.dimension_labels,
- geometry=projections.geometry)
- return y
-
-
-class CenterOfRotationFinder(DataProcessor):
- '''Processor to find the center of rotation in a parallel beam experiment
-
- This processor read in a AcquisitionDataSet and finds the center of rotation
- based on Nghia Vo's method. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.019078
-
- Input: AcquisitionDataSet
-
- Output: float. center of rotation in pixel coordinate
- '''
-
- def __init__(self):
- kwargs = {
-
- }
-
- #DataProcessor.__init__(self, **kwargs)
- super(CenterOfRotationFinder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
- def check_input(self, dataset):
- if dataset.number_of_dimensions == 3:
- if dataset.geometry.geom_type == 'parallel':
- return True
- else:
- raise ValueError('{0} is suitable only for parallel beam geometry'\
- .format(self.__class__.__name__))
- else:
- raise ValueError("Expected input dimensions is 3, got {0}"\
- .format(dataset.number_of_dimensions))
-
-
- # #########################################################################
- # Copyright (c) 2015, UChicago Argonne, LLC. All rights reserved. #
- # #
- # Copyright 2015. UChicago Argonne, LLC. This software was produced #
- # under U.S. Government contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 for Argonne National #
- # Laboratory (ANL), which is operated by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the #
- # U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has rights to use, #
- # reproduce, and distribute this software. NEITHER THE GOVERNMENT NOR #
- # UChicago Argonne, LLC MAKES ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OR #
- # ASSUMES ANY LIABILITY FOR THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. If software is #
- # modified to produce derivative works, such modified software should #
- # be clearly marked, so as not to confuse it with the version available #
- # from ANL. #
- # #
- # Additionally, redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with #
- # or without modification, are permitted provided that the following #
- # conditions are met: #
- # #
- # * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright #
- # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. #
- # #
- # * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright #
- # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in #
- # the documentation and/or other materials provided with the #
- # distribution. #
- # #
- # * Neither the name of UChicago Argonne, LLC, Argonne National #
- # Laboratory, ANL, the U.S. Government, nor the names of its #
- # contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived #
- # from this software without specific prior written permission. #
- # #
- # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY UChicago Argonne, LLC AND CONTRIBUTORS #
- # "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT #
- # LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS #
- # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL UChicago #
- # Argonne, LLC OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, #
- # INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, #
- # BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; #
- # LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER #
- # CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT #
- # LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN #
- # ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE #
- # POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. #
- # #########################################################################
-
- @staticmethod
- def as_ndarray(arr, dtype=None, copy=False):
- if not isinstance(arr, numpy.ndarray):
- arr = numpy.array(arr, dtype=dtype, copy=copy)
- return arr
-
- @staticmethod
- def as_dtype(arr, dtype, copy=False):
- if not arr.dtype == dtype:
- arr = numpy.array(arr, dtype=dtype, copy=copy)
- return arr
-
- @staticmethod
- def as_float32(arr):
- arr = CenterOfRotationFinder.as_ndarray(arr, numpy.float32)
- return CenterOfRotationFinder.as_dtype(arr, numpy.float32)
-
-
-
-
- @staticmethod
- def find_center_vo(tomo, ind=None, smin=-40, smax=40, srad=10, step=0.5,
- ratio=2., drop=20):
- """
- Find rotation axis location using Nghia Vo's method. :cite:`Vo:14`.
-
- Parameters
- ----------
- tomo : ndarray
- 3D tomographic data.
- ind : int, optional
- Index of the slice to be used for reconstruction.
- smin, smax : int, optional
- Reference to the horizontal center of the sinogram.
- srad : float, optional
- Fine search radius.
- step : float, optional
- Step of fine searching.
- ratio : float, optional
- The ratio between the FOV of the camera and the size of object.
- It's used to generate the mask.
- drop : int, optional
- Drop lines around vertical center of the mask.
-
- Returns
- -------
- float
- Rotation axis location.
-
- Notes
- -----
- The function may not yield a correct estimate, if:
-
- - the sample size is bigger than the field of view of the camera.
- In this case the ``ratio`` argument need to be set larger
- than the default of 2.0.
-
- - there is distortion in the imaging hardware. If there's
- no correction applied, the center of the projection image may
- yield a better estimate.
-
- - the sample contrast is weak. Paganin's filter need to be applied
- to overcome this.
-
- - the sample was changed during the scan.
- """
- tomo = CenterOfRotationFinder.as_float32(tomo)
-
- if ind is None:
- ind = tomo.shape[1] // 2
- _tomo = tomo[:, ind, :]
-
-
-
- # Reduce noise by smooth filters. Use different filters for coarse and fine search
- _tomo_cs = ndimage.filters.gaussian_filter(_tomo, (3, 1))
- _tomo_fs = ndimage.filters.median_filter(_tomo, (2, 2))
-
- # Coarse and fine searches for finding the rotation center.
- if _tomo.shape[0] * _tomo.shape[1] > 4e6: # If data is large (>2kx2k)
- #_tomo_coarse = downsample(numpy.expand_dims(_tomo_cs,1), level=2)[:, 0, :]
- #init_cen = _search_coarse(_tomo_coarse, smin, smax, ratio, drop)
- #fine_cen = _search_fine(_tomo_fs, srad, step, init_cen*4, ratio, drop)
- init_cen = CenterOfRotationFinder._search_coarse(_tomo_cs, smin,
- smax, ratio, drop)
- fine_cen = CenterOfRotationFinder._search_fine(_tomo_fs, srad,
- step, init_cen,
- ratio, drop)
- else:
- init_cen = CenterOfRotationFinder._search_coarse(_tomo_cs,
- smin, smax,
- ratio, drop)
- fine_cen = CenterOfRotationFinder._search_fine(_tomo_fs, srad,
- step, init_cen,
- ratio, drop)
-
- #logger.debug('Rotation center search finished: %i', fine_cen)
- return fine_cen
-
-
- @staticmethod
- def _search_coarse(sino, smin, smax, ratio, drop):
- """
- Coarse search for finding the rotation center.
- """
- (Nrow, Ncol) = sino.shape
- centerfliplr = (Ncol - 1.0) / 2.0
-
- # Copy the sinogram and flip left right, the purpose is to
- # make a full [0;2Pi] sinogram
- _copy_sino = numpy.fliplr(sino[1:])
-
- # This image is used for compensating the shift of sinogram 2
- temp_img = numpy.zeros((Nrow - 1, Ncol), dtype='float32')
- temp_img[:] = sino[-1]
-
- # Start coarse search in which the shift step is 1
- listshift = numpy.arange(smin, smax + 1)
- listmetric = numpy.zeros(len(listshift), dtype='float32')
- mask = CenterOfRotationFinder._create_mask(2 * Nrow - 1, Ncol,
- 0.5 * ratio * Ncol, drop)
- for i in listshift:
- _sino = numpy.roll(_copy_sino, i, axis=1)
- if i >= 0:
- _sino[:, 0:i] = temp_img[:, 0:i]
- else:
- _sino[:, i:] = temp_img[:, i:]
- listmetric[i - smin] = numpy.sum(numpy.abs(numpy.fft.fftshift(
- #pyfftw.interfaces.numpy_fft.fft2(
- # numpy.vstack((sino, _sino)))
- numpy.fft.fft2(numpy.vstack((sino, _sino)))
- )) * mask)
- minpos = numpy.argmin(listmetric)
- return centerfliplr + listshift[minpos] / 2.0
-
- @staticmethod
- def _search_fine(sino, srad, step, init_cen, ratio, drop):
- """
- Fine search for finding the rotation center.
- """
- Nrow, Ncol = sino.shape
- centerfliplr = (Ncol + 1.0) / 2.0 - 1.0
- # Use to shift the sinogram 2 to the raw CoR.
- shiftsino = numpy.int16(2 * (init_cen - centerfliplr))
- _copy_sino = numpy.roll(numpy.fliplr(sino[1:]), shiftsino, axis=1)
- if init_cen <= centerfliplr:
- lefttake = numpy.int16(numpy.ceil(srad + 1))
- righttake = numpy.int16(numpy.floor(2 * init_cen - srad - 1))
- else:
- lefttake = numpy.int16(numpy.ceil(
- init_cen - (Ncol - 1 - init_cen) + srad + 1))
- righttake = numpy.int16(numpy.floor(Ncol - 1 - srad - 1))
- Ncol1 = righttake - lefttake + 1
- mask = CenterOfRotationFinder._create_mask(2 * Nrow - 1, Ncol1,
- 0.5 * ratio * Ncol, drop)
- numshift = numpy.int16((2 * srad) / step) + 1
- listshift = numpy.linspace(-srad, srad, num=numshift)
- listmetric = numpy.zeros(len(listshift), dtype='float32')
- factor1 = numpy.mean(sino[-1, lefttake:righttake])
- num1 = 0
- for i in listshift:
- _sino = ndimage.interpolation.shift(
- _copy_sino, (0, i), prefilter=False)
- factor2 = numpy.mean(_sino[0,lefttake:righttake])
- _sino = _sino * factor1 / factor2
- sinojoin = numpy.vstack((sino, _sino))
- listmetric[num1] = numpy.sum(numpy.abs(numpy.fft.fftshift(
- #pyfftw.interfaces.numpy_fft.fft2(
- # sinojoin[:, lefttake:righttake + 1])
- numpy.fft.fft2(sinojoin[:, lefttake:righttake + 1])
- )) * mask)
- num1 = num1 + 1
- minpos = numpy.argmin(listmetric)
- return init_cen + listshift[minpos] / 2.0
-
- @staticmethod
- def _create_mask(nrow, ncol, radius, drop):
- du = 1.0 / ncol
- dv = (nrow - 1.0) / (nrow * 2.0 * numpy.pi)
- centerrow = numpy.ceil(nrow / 2) - 1
- centercol = numpy.ceil(ncol / 2) - 1
- # added by Edoardo Pasca
- centerrow = int(centerrow)
- centercol = int(centercol)
- mask = numpy.zeros((nrow, ncol), dtype='float32')
- for i in range(nrow):
- num1 = numpy.round(((i - centerrow) * dv / radius) / du)
- (p1, p2) = numpy.int16(numpy.clip(numpy.sort(
- (-num1 + centercol, num1 + centercol)), 0, ncol - 1))
- mask[i, p1:p2 + 1] = numpy.ones(p2 - p1 + 1, dtype='float32')
- if drop < centerrow:
- mask[centerrow - drop:centerrow + drop + 1,
- :] = numpy.zeros((2 * drop + 1, ncol), dtype='float32')
- mask[:,centercol-1:centercol+2] = numpy.zeros((nrow, 3), dtype='float32')
- return mask
-
- def process(self):
-
- projections = self.get_input()
-
- cor = CenterOfRotationFinder.find_center_vo(projections.as_array())
-
- return cor
-
class CCPiForwardProjector(DataProcessor):
'''Normalization based on flat and dark
@@ -537,256 +174,3 @@ class CCPiBackwardProjector(DataProcessor): else:
raise ValueError('Cannot process cone beam')
-class AcquisitionDataPadder(DataProcessor):
- '''Normalization based on flat and dark
-
- This processor read in a AcquisitionData and normalises it based on
- the instrument reading with and without incident photons or neutrons.
-
- Input: AcquisitionData
- Parameter: 2D projection with flat field (or stack)
- 2D projection with dark field (or stack)
- Output: AcquisitionDataSetn
- '''
-
- def __init__(self,
- center_of_rotation = None,
- acquisition_geometry = None,
- pad_value = 1e-5):
- kwargs = {
- 'acquisition_geometry' : acquisition_geometry,
- 'center_of_rotation' : center_of_rotation,
- 'pad_value' : pad_value
- }
-
- super(AcquisitionDataPadder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
- def check_input(self, dataset):
- if self.acquisition_geometry is None:
- self.acquisition_geometry = dataset.geometry
- if dataset.number_of_dimensions == 3:
- return True
- else:
- raise ValueError("Expected input dimensions is 2 or 3, got {0}"\
- .format(dataset.number_of_dimensions))
-
- def process(self):
- projections = self.get_input()
- w = projections.get_dimension_size('horizontal')
- delta = w - 2 * self.center_of_rotation
-
- padded_width = int (
- numpy.ceil(abs(delta)) + w
- )
- delta_pix = padded_width - w
-
- voxel_per_pixel = 1
- geom = pbalg.pb_setup_geometry_from_acquisition(projections.as_array(),
- self.acquisition_geometry.angles,
- self.center_of_rotation,
- voxel_per_pixel )
-
- padded_geometry = self.acquisition_geometry.clone()
-
- padded_geometry.pixel_num_h = geom['n_h']
- padded_geometry.pixel_num_v = geom['n_v']
-
- delta_pix_h = padded_geometry.pixel_num_h - self.acquisition_geometry.pixel_num_h
- delta_pix_v = padded_geometry.pixel_num_v - self.acquisition_geometry.pixel_num_v
-
- if delta_pix_h == 0:
- delta_pix_h = delta_pix
- padded_geometry.pixel_num_h = padded_width
- #initialize a new AcquisitionData with values close to 0
- out = AcquisitionData(geometry=padded_geometry)
- out = out + self.pad_value
-
-
- #pad in the horizontal-vertical plane -> slice on angles
- if delta > 0:
- #pad left of middle
- command = "out.array["
- for i in range(out.number_of_dimensions):
- if out.dimension_labels[i] == 'horizontal':
- value = '{0}:{1}'.format(delta_pix_h, delta_pix_h+w)
- command = command + str(value)
- else:
- if out.dimension_labels[i] == 'vertical' :
- value = '{0}:'.format(delta_pix_v)
- command = command + str(value)
- else:
- command = command + ":"
- if i < out.number_of_dimensions -1:
- command = command + ','
- command = command + '] = projections.array'
- #print (command)
- else:
- #pad right of middle
- command = "out.array["
- for i in range(out.number_of_dimensions):
- if out.dimension_labels[i] == 'horizontal':
- value = '{0}:{1}'.format(0, w)
- command = command + str(value)
- else:
- if out.dimension_labels[i] == 'vertical' :
- value = '{0}:'.format(delta_pix_v)
- command = command + str(value)
- else:
- command = command + ":"
- if i < out.number_of_dimensions -1:
- command = command + ','
- command = command + '] = projections.array'
- #print (command)
- #cleaned = eval(command)
- exec(command)
- return out
-
-#class FiniteDifferentiator(DataProcessor):
-# def __init__(self):
-# kwargs = {
-#
-# }
-#
-# super(FiniteDifferentiator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-#
-# def check_input(self, dataset):
-# return True
-#
-# def process(self):
-# axis = 0
-# d1 = numpy.diff(x,n=1,axis=axis)
-# d1 = numpy.resize(d1, numpy.shape(x))
-
-
-
-def loadNexus(filename):
- '''Load a dataset stored in a NeXuS file (HDF5)'''
- ###########################################################################
- ## Load a dataset
- nx = h5py.File(filename, "r")
-
- data = nx.get('entry1/tomo_entry/data/rotation_angle')
- angles = numpy.zeros(data.shape)
- data.read_direct(angles)
-
- data = nx.get('entry1/tomo_entry/data/data')
- stack = numpy.zeros(data.shape)
- data.read_direct(stack)
- data = nx.get('entry1/tomo_entry/instrument/detector/image_key')
-
- itype = numpy.zeros(data.shape)
- data.read_direct(itype)
- # 2 is dark field
- darks = [stack[i] for i in range(len(itype)) if itype[i] == 2 ]
- dark = darks[0]
- for i in range(1, len(darks)):
- dark += darks[i]
- dark = dark / len(darks)
- #dark[0][0] = dark[0][1]
-
- # 1 is flat field
- flats = [stack[i] for i in range(len(itype)) if itype[i] == 1 ]
- flat = flats[0]
- for i in range(1, len(flats)):
- flat += flats[i]
- flat = flat / len(flats)
- #flat[0][0] = dark[0][1]
-
-
- # 0 is projection data
- proj = [stack[i] for i in range(len(itype)) if itype[i] == 0 ]
- angle_proj = [angles[i] for i in range(len(itype)) if itype[i] == 0 ]
- angle_proj = numpy.asarray (angle_proj)
- angle_proj = angle_proj.astype(numpy.float32)
-
- return angle_proj , numpy.asarray(proj) , dark, flat
-
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
- angles, proj, dark, flat = loadNexus('../../../data/24737_fd.nxs')
-
- parallelbeam = AcquisitionGeometry('parallel', '3D' ,
- angles=angles,
- pixel_num_h=numpy.shape(proj)[2],
- pixel_num_v=numpy.shape(proj)[1],
- )
-
- dim_labels = ['angles' , 'vertical' , 'horizontal']
- sino = AcquisitionData( proj , geometry=parallelbeam,
- dimension_labels=dim_labels)
-
- normalizer = Normalizer()
- normalizer.set_input(sino)
- normalizer.set_flat_field(flat)
- normalizer.set_dark_field(dark)
- norm = normalizer.get_output()
- #print ("Processor min {0} max {1}".format(norm.as_array().min(), norm.as_array().max()))
-
- #norm1 = numpy.asarray(
- # [Normalizer.normalize_projection( p, flat, dark, 1e-5 )
- # for p in proj]
- # )
-
- #print ("Numpy min {0} max {1}".format(norm1.min(), norm1.max()))
-
- cor_finder = CenterOfRotationFinder()
- cor_finder.set_input(sino)
- cor = cor_finder.get_output()
- print ("center of rotation {0} == 86.25?".format(cor))
-
-
- padder = AcquisitionDataPadder(center_of_rotation=cor,
- pad_value=0.75,
- acquisition_geometry=normalizer.get_output().geometry)
- #padder.set_input(normalizer.get_output())
- padder.set_input_processor(normalizer)
-
- #print ("padder ", padder.get_output())
-
- volume_geometry = ImageGeometry()
-
- back = CCPiBackwardProjector(acquisition_geometry=parallelbeam,
- image_geometry=volume_geometry)
- back.set_input_processor(padder)
- #back.set_input(padder.get_output())
- #print (back.image_geometry)
- forw = CCPiForwardProjector(acquisition_geometry=parallelbeam,
- image_geometry=volume_geometry)
- forw.set_input_processor(back)
-
-
- out = padder.get_output()
- fig = plt.figure()
- # projections row
- a = fig.add_subplot(1,4,1)
- a.imshow(norm.array[80])
- a.set_title('orig')
- a = fig.add_subplot(1,4,2)
- a.imshow(out.array[80])
- a.set_title('padded')
-
- a = fig.add_subplot(1,4,3)
- a.imshow(back.get_output().as_array()[15])
- a.set_title('back')
-
- a = fig.add_subplot(1,4,4)
- a.imshow(forw.get_output().as_array()[80])
- a.set_title('forw')
-
-
- plt.show()
-
-
- conebeam = AcquisitionGeometry('cone', '3D' ,
- angles=angles,
- pixel_num_h=numpy.shape(proj)[2],
- pixel_num_v=numpy.shape(proj)[1],
- )
-
- try:
- sino2 = AcquisitionData( proj , geometry=conebeam)
- cor_finder.set_input(sino2)
- cor = cor_finder.get_output()
- except ValueError as err:
- print (err)
\ No newline at end of file |